Vertical integration was exemplified by which company's model as an old trend?

The model of vertical integration is most famously exemplified by Ford, particularly during the early 20th century when the company played a significant role in industrial practices. Vertical integration refers to a company's strategy of gaining control over multiple stages of production and distribution within its industry. Ford implemented this model notably through the establishment of its own supply chains, including factories for the production of raw materials, components, and even the distribution of finished vehicles.

This approach allowed Ford to reduce costs, improve efficiency, and maintain tighter control over the quality and timing of their production processes. The company's creation of the River Rouge Complex, which centralized manufacturing and reduced reliance on outside suppliers, is a prime example of this vertical integration strategy in action. This method was revolutionary at the time and set a benchmark for manufacturing practices in the automotive industry.

In contrast, while other companies like Toyota, General Motors, and Volkswagen have also engaged in various forms of integration and supply chain management, their models typically incorporate a mix of strategies, and they did not exemplify vertical integration in the same pioneering manner as Ford did during that era. Ford's legacy in this regard highlights the historical significance of vertical integration as a key aspect of its operational strategy.